Applying Management by Objectives (MBO) methodology to design, be it program or project, monitoring, and evaluation. MBO consists of four steps: (1) establishing objectives, (2) establishing causal linkages among activities, inputs, outputs, and objectives as cause-and-effect relationships, (3) identifying assumptions underlying the causal linkages, and (4) identifying objectively verifiable ways of evaluating progress and success. It is 4 x 4 matrix frame used to map the columns, representing program or project objective levels, that are known as vertical logic, and rows, representing progress assessing measure, that are known as horizontal logic. Also known as logical framework method or project framework.