Employing ‘lean thinking’, doing more with less, continues efforts to eliminate or reduce ‘muda’, Japanese for waste or any activity that consumes resources without adding value to design, manufacturing , distribution , or customer service processes. Toyota executive Taiichi Ohno (1912-90) developed this concept during post- Second World War reconstruction period in Japan. James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones popularized it in their 1996 book ‘Lean Thinking.’ Also known as lean manufacturing.
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